times is full of trial and sorrow. Absence from the temple is indicated by 𝕳, but that is due to a textual error. The temple was the habitual resort of the poet. He was a guest there. We cannot, therefore, think of the Exile, or of the time of David, the traditional author of the Ps. That he was a shepherd before he became king affords no evidence, for the conception of Yahweh as shepherd is as early as the story of Jacob, Gn. 48:15; 49:24, is used in Mi. 7:14; Zc. 11:4 of the early prophets, Is.
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